Introduction of photography

Photography is the art of producing images digitally using a display or a light-sensitive medium, like photographic film. A lens is used in a time-lapse exposure to direct light from light-sensitive objects inside a camera, or to direct an emitted light image that is reflected or reflected. Incorporating an electronic diagram, this produces an electrical charge in a modern pixel, which is processed electronically and stored in a digital image file for later display or processing. 

History of photography

 The invention of the camera obscura, which provides an image of a scene, dates back to ancient China. The Greek mathematicians Aristotle and Euclid in BC. A camera obscura is described independently in rooms 5 and 4. In the 6th AD city, the Byzantine mathematician Anthemius of Tralles used a type of camera obscura in his experiments.

The Arab physicist Ibn Al-Haytham (Alhazen) (965–1040) also invented a camera obscura as well as the first true pinhole camera. The invention of the camera has been traced back to the work of Ibn Al-Haytham. While the effects of a single light passing through a pinhole had been described earlier, Ibn Al-Haytham gave the first correct analysis of the camera obscura, including the first geometrical and quantitative descriptions of the phenomenon, and was the first to use a screen in a dark room so that an image from one side of a hole in the surface could be projected onto a screen on the other side. He also first understood the relationship between the focal point and the pinhole, and performed early experiments with afterimages, laying the foundations for the invention of photography in the 19th century.

Leonardo da Vinci mentions natural camera obscure that are formed by dark caves on the edge of a sunlit valley. A hole in the cave wall will act as a pinhole camera and project a laterally reversed, upside down image on a piece of paper. Renaissance painters used the camera obscura which, in fact, gives the optical rendering in color that dominates Western Art. It is a box with a small hole in one side, which allows specific light rays to enter, projecting an inverted image onto a viewing screen or paper.

The birth of photography was then concerned with inventing means to capture and keep the image produced by the camera obscura. Albertus Magnus (1193–1280) discovered silver nitrate, and Georg Fabricius (1516–1571) discovered silver chloride, and the techniques described in Ibn Al-Haytham’s Book of Optics are capable of producing primitive photographs using medieval materials. [citation needed]

Daniele Barbaro described a diaphragm in 1566.Wilhelm Homberg described how light darkened some chemicals (photochemical effect) in 1694. The fiction book Giphantie, published in 1760, by French author Tiphaigne de la Roche, described what can be interpreted as photography.

In June 1802, British inventor Thomas Wedgwood made the first known attempt to capture the image in a camera obscura by means of a light-sensitive substance. He used paper or white leather treated with silver nitrate. Although he succeeded in capturing the shadows of objects placed on the surface in direct sunlight, and even made shadow copies of paintings on glass, it was reported in 1802 that "the images formed by means of a camera obscura have been found too faint to produce, in any moderate time, an effect upon the nitrate of silver." The shadow images eventually darkened all over

Invention of photography

Photography was invented by Frenchman Nicéphore Niepce in 1822. Niepce developed a technique called heliography, which he used to create the world's oldest surviving photograph, View from the Window at Le Gras (1827). Heliography was conceived in response to camera obscura theories dating back to ancient history.

• 4th Century BC - Aristotle describes the camera obscura.

In the 4th Century BC, Aristotle described the principles of the camera obscura, which involves projecting an image through a small hole. Through a camera obscura's pinhole, the image of the world is reversed or upside-down

• 1826 - Joseph Nicéphore Niepce takes the first preserved camera photograph.

Niepce called his process heliography, from the Greek Helios meaning 'drawing with the sun'. In 1826, using this process, Niepce took the earliest surviving 'photograph'—a view from a window of his house in Châlons-sur-Saone which required an exposure of about 8 hours!

• 1839 - Daguerre and Niepce present the daguerreotype.

In 1839 Niepce’s son and Daguerre sold full rights to the daguerreotype and the heliograph to the French government, in return for annuities for life. On August 19 full working details were published.

• ca. 1841 - William Henry Fox Talbot develops the negative-positive process.

The original negative and positive process invented by William Henry Fox Talbot, the calotype is sometimes called a "Talbotype." This process uses a paper negative to make a print with a softer, less sharp image than the daguerreotype.

• 1851 - Frederick Scott Archer introduces the collodion process.

wet-collodion process, also called collodion process, early photographic technique invented by Englishman Frederick Scott Archer in 1851. The process involved adding a soluble iodide to a solution of collodion (cellulose nitrate) and coating a glass plate with the mixture.

• 1889 - George Eastman presents the film strip (Kodak).

In 1892, Eastman founded the Eastman Kodak Company, in Rochester, New York, the first company to mass produce standardized photography equipment. It also manufactured the flexible transparent film, devised by Eastman in 1889, which proved indispensable to the development of the motion picture industry.

• 1925 - Leica releases the first small-format camera with 35mm film.

The Leica 1(A) was the first commercially available Leica 35mm camera. The Leica, designed by Oscar Barnack, was announced in 1924 and sold to the public in 1925. The Leica was an immediate success and was responsible for popularizing 35mm film photography.

• 1936 - Invention of color film (Kodak: Kodachrome, Agfa: Agfacolor).

From the early 1930s, Agfa did research into colour films. In 1936, it introduced Agfacolour Neu reversal film, a year after Kodachrome, but the Agfa product could be processed in a single colour developer. This reversal film was available as 8mm and 16mm for home use, and as 35mm (slide) film.

• 1948 - The first Polaroid camera delivers instant images using quick development process.

The first Polaroid camera, called the Model 95, and its associated film went on sale in 1948 at a department store in Boston. The cameras sold out in minutes.

• 1956 - The first aperture priority camera hits the market (Agfa Automatic 66).

The Automatic 66 is an innovative coupled-rangefinder camera for 2¼-inch square (6x6cm) pictures on 120 film, made by Agfa in 1956. It is a development of the Super Isolate. The camera provides aperture-priority auto-exposure by an ingenious part-electrical and part-pneumatic mechanism, based on a selenium light meter.

• 1963 - Canon presents the first camera with autofocus.

T80 - Canon Camera Museum. Canon's first autofocus 35mm SLR camera. The AF system uses a linear CCD array for TTL image contrast detection.

• 1974 - Rollei produces the first fully automatic camera.

Rollie GmbH (originally Franke and Helideck) is a German camera manufacturer with an impressive line of cameras and a history that is closely connected with the history of photography. They set the standard for TLR (Twin Lens Reflex) cameras and had great success with them, especially during the 1950s when almost every newspaper photographer used a Rolle flex.

• End of the 1900s - Transition from analog to digital photography.

The transformation of photography from an analog medium relying on chemically developed light-sensitive emulsions to one using digital technologies for image capture and storage began in the late 1980s with the introduction of the first consumer digital cameras and in 1990 the first version of Adobe Photoshop.

Camera types

• Camera phones
• Basic compact
• Advanced compact
• Bridge/Super zoom
• Compact System Camera (CSC)/Mirror less camera
• Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR)

Camera phones

• Fixed lens. • Few manual controls.
• Small senser.
• Easy to share image.
• Small and pocketable.

Basic compact

• Zoom lens. • Automatic and semi auto.
• Small sensor.
• JPEG only.
• Small and pocketable.

Advanced compact

• Zoom lens. • Automatic and manual.
• Small sensor.
• Range of creative control.
• JPEG only.
• Small and pocketable.

Bridge/Super zoom

• Zoom lens, wide to super telephoto. • Automatic and manual.
• Small compact camera size sensor.
• Range of creative controls.
• JPEG only.
• DSLR style.

Compact System Camera (CSC)/Mirror less camera

• Interchangeable lens.
• High quality DSLR sized sensor.
• Automatic and manual.
• Range of creative controls.
• Raw and JPEG.
• Small.

Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR)

• Wide range of lens and accessories.
• Full frame and crop, High quality size sensor.
• Automatic and full manual.
• Range of controls.
• Raw and JPEG.

There are two main parts in camera.

1. Camera lens.
2. Camera body.

                                                                                                             Cross section of DSLR camera.

Basic features of the camera

• Ability to light control.
• Having a lens.
• Having a way to focus.
• Having a portal for capturing.
• Having a means of depositing image.

Light control

Using the right lighting is essential in photography. When the light is high, it is overexposure and when it is low, it is underexposure.

Photography styles

• Fine-art photography                                                                          
• Documentary photography
• Wedding photography
• Digital photography
• Photojournalism
• Fashion photography
• Landscape photography
• Fashion
• Architectural photography
• Astrophotography
• Wildlife photography
• Candid photography
• Abstract photography
• Food photography
• Travel photography
• Sports photography
• Night photography
• Underwater photography